PRINCIPLE OF FRACTURE

 

 What will we know:

Definition: Breach of structural continuity of bone and cartilage called fracture.

Classification: Fracture classified according different ways---

        A. Etiological Classification. B. Radio-logical  appearance  or Fracture pattern

        C. Fracture type according to number fracture fragment

        D.Clinical classification  E. Fracture type according to displacement

        F. Alpha numeric Classification

Causes: A. Trauma, B. Diseases of Bone  C. Stress or  D. Fatigability  of bone.

A.Etiological Classification:

        1.Traumatic Fracture

        2.Pathological Fracture

        3. Stress Fracture.

B. Radiological/ Fracture pattern:

        1.Transverse Fracture

        2. Oblique Fracture

        3. Butterfly fracture

        4. Spiral fracture

C. Number  of fragments:

        1.Non comminuted fracture - two fragments

        2. Comminuted fracture- more than two fragments

D. Clinical Classification:

        1.Closed fracture

        2. Open fracture

E. Fracture Alignment/Displacement

        1. Undisplaced fracture

        2. Displaced Fracture

F. Alpha Numeric Classification (Muller,1990;Marsh,2007):

        1. First numbers describe-name of bone-- 1,2,3,4.

                1-Humerus  2-Radius Ulna  3- Femur  4- Tibia fibula 

        2. Second numbers describe- position--1,2,3,4.

                1- Upper end  2- Diaphysis  3- Lower end  4- Maleolar

        3. First letters describe- fracture pattern for diaphysis  A,B,C

                A- Simple  B- Wedge  C- Complx

        4. second letters specify - fracture for metaphysis A,B,C 

                A- extra articular  B- partial articular  C- complete articular.

Fracture Displacement